The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) presents significant regulatory challenges, particularly in regions such as Africa, where existing frameworks often lag in technological developments. As AI reshapes traditional paradigms, the current international human rights framework reveals conceptual gaps, raising critical questions about whether existing policies should be amended or if new, specific frameworks are required.

This report comprehensively analyses the legal and policy frameworks governing AI across five East African countries—Kenya, Rwanda, South Sudan, Tanzania and Uganda—as well as Mauritius and Zambia to explore how these laws and policies integrate human rights, ethical considerations and transparency.

Through TrustLaw, in a partnership with The Patrick J. McGovern Foundation, we connected Paradigm Initiative with legal experts at ALP East Africa, B&M Legal Practitioners (Bowmans Zambia), Bowmans Mauritius and Tanzania, K-Solutions & Partners (ALN Rwanda), TripleOKLaw LLP, and Cavendrys to develop this report.

With AI technologies advancing rapidly and becoming increasingly embedded in both public and private sectors, it is crucial that data governance frameworks keep pace to ensure ethical, equitable, and human rights–centered AI deployment.

The research focuses on six pilot jurisdictions – Chile, Mexico, Kenya, Mauritius, the Philippines, and Taiwan – to explore how their national strategies, laws, and policies around AI align with data regulations and international ethical principles. It also includes common themes across jurisdictions, such as the promotion of transparency, accountability, and non-discrimination.

Through TrustLaw, in a partnership with the Patrick J. McGovern Foundation, we connected Civic House, and its resident organization Open Data Charter, with legal experts at Basham Ringe & Correa S.C. in Mexico; ObradorDigital SpA in Chile; Prof. Albert Mumma & Company Advocate in Kenya; SyCip Salazar Hernandez & Gatmaitan in the Philippines; Bowmans in Muritius; and Lee and Li, Attorneysat-Law in Taiwan to develop this report.

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Sheria za kashfa zikitumika kwa usahihi, zinatarajiwa kulinda watu binafsi na watu maalumu dhidi ya taarifa za uongo zinazoweza kuharibu sifa yao. Ingawaje, sheria za madai na za jinai za kashfa zikitumika vibaya zinaweza kuzuia mijadala ya wazi ya umma.

Mwongozo huu unalenga kuwapatia waandishi wa habari uelewa kwa vitendo kuhusu sheria za kashfa/kuharibu sifa ya mtu pamoja na hatua wanazoweza kuchukua ili kupunguza uwezekano wa kuwajibika kisheria kulingana na sheria hizo nchini Tanzania. Uelewa huu utawawezesha waandishi wa habari kufahamu haki na wajibu wao wa kisheria na kuwawezesha kuendelea kutoa taarifa za masuala yenye umuhimu kwa masilahi ya umma. Mwongozo huu unajumuisha mawanda ya sheria za kashfa, mwenendo wa mashauri ya jinai na madai mahakamani, utetezi dhidi ya madai ya kashfa, adhabu zinazotolewa dhidi ya kashfa na hatua za tahadhari zinazoweza kuchukuliwa ili kupunguza hatari ya kuwajibika kisheria. Mwongozo huu umeandaliwa na Thomson Reuters Foundation pamoja na iWatch Africa, kutumia utafiti wa kisheria wa bila malipo (pro bono) uliotolewa na Ideal Law Group.

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Mwongozo huu unalenga kuwapa waandishi wa habari uelewa kwa vitendo kuhusu mifumo ya kisheria inayohusu vyanzo vya habari nchini Tanzania. Uelewa huu utawawezesha waandishi wa habari kufahamu haki na wajibu wao wa kisheria na kuendelea kuripoti masuala yenye maslahi makubwa kwa umma. Mwongozo huu unachambua utambuzi wa vyanzo vya habari katika sheria, ulinzi wa vyanzo hivyo pamoja na masharti yanayohusu upekuzi na ukamataji wa vifaa na taarifa za waandishi wa habari. Mwongozo huu umeandaliwa na Thomson Reuters Foundation pamoja na iWatch Africa, kutumia utafiti wa kisheria wa bila malipo (pro bono) uliotolewa na LawCITE Group.

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The Guide to Criminal Defamation in Southeast Asia provides comprehensive comparative research on existing criminal defamation legislation across seven Southeast Asian countries, namely- Cambodia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand and Vietnam. This Guide is produced through the collaborative efforts of the Probe Media Foundation Inc., Thomson Reuters Foundation, and pro bono lawyers from SyCip Salazar Hernandez & Gatmaitan, Aqran Vijandran, DFDL and others, with support from the British Embassy in Manila. It offers critical insights into how these laws are being exploited and provides guidance for journalists and media outlets navigating complex legal landscapes.

This research examines the anti-money laundering (AML) laws and regulatory frameworks of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Venezuela to establish whether they recognize money laundering as a crime associated with environmental crimes and have effective instruments for asset recovery in the context of these illicit activities. It also provides recommendations on how the AML systems AML of these six Amazon Basin countries can be improved, focusing on specific areas to strengthen the response to money laundering linked to environmental and natural resource crimes.

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This Guide provides journalists with a practical understanding of the legal framework on news sources in Tanzania. It assesses the recognition of news sources in law, the protection of new sources, as well as search and seizure relating to journalists’ gadgets and information. This information will help journalists and media organisations understand their legal rights and obligations and continue to report on issues of vital public interest. This was produced by the Thomson Reuters Foundation and iWatch Africa, with pro bono legal research provided by LawCITE Group

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This Guide provides journalists with a practical understanding of the legal framework on news sources in Ghana. It assesses the recognition of news sources in law, the protection of new sources, as well as search and seizure relating to journalists’ gadgets and information. This information will help journalists and media organisations understand their legal rights and obligations and continue to report on issues of vital public interest. This was produced by the Thomson Reuters Foundation and iWatch Ghana, with pro bono legal research provided by Bentsi-Enchill, Letsa and Ankomah.

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When applied legitimately, defamation laws are intended to protect individuals and businesses against false statements that are harmful to their reputation. Yet both civil and criminal defamation laws have the potential to be misused to prevent open public debate.

This Guide provides journalists with a practical understanding of defamation laws and the steps they can take to mitigate defamation liability in Tanzania. This awareness will empower journalists to understand their legal rights and obligations and continue to report on issues of vital public interest. The Guide covers the scope of defamation law, the criminal and civil process of cases in courts, the defences against defamation, sanctions against defamation, and practical steps to mitigate defamation liability. This was produced by the Thomson Reuters Foundation and iWatch Africa, with pro bono legal research provided by Ideal Law Group.

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When applied legitimately, defamation laws are intended to protect individuals and businesses against false statements that are harmful to their reputation. Yet both civil and criminal defamation laws have the potential to be misused to prevent open public debate.

This Guide provides journalists with a practical understanding of defamation laws and the steps they can take to mitigate defamation liability in Ghana. This awareness will empower journalists to understand their legal rights and obligations and continue to report on issues of vital public interest. The Guide covers the scope of defamation law, the criminal and civil process of cases in courts, the defences against defamation, sanctions against defamation, and practical steps to mitigate defamation liability. This was produced by the Thomson Reuters Foundation and iWatch Africa, with pro bono legal research provided by HB&O Legal PRUC.

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